Ancient History,The Indus Valley Civilization,Vedic Civilization,The,Alexander's , Buddhist Era,Alexander's Invasion,Gupta Dynasty,Harshavardhana,Culture & Heritage

                          प्राचीन इतिहास

Bhaarat ka itihaas aur sanskrti gatisheel hai, maanav sabhyata kee shuruaat mein phailee huee hai. Yah sindhu nadee ke kinaare aur bhaarat ke dakshinee bhoomi mein krshak samudaayon ke saath ek rahasyamay sanskrti se shuroo hota hai. Bhaarat ke itihaas mein bhaarat ko gherane vaalee vividh sanskrtiyon ke saath pravaas karane vaale logon ke nirantar ekeekaran dvaara paaband kiya gaya hai. Upalabdh saakshyon se pata chalata hai ki bhaarateey up-mahaadveep mein lohe, taambe aur any dhaatuon ka upayog vyaapak roop se prachalit tha, jo ki duniya ke is hisse kee pragati ka sanket hai. Chauthee sahasraabdee eesa poorv ke ant tak, bhaarat atyadhik vikasit sabhyata ke kshetr ke roop mein ubhara tha.

सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता

Bhaarat ka itihaas sindhu ghaatee sabhyata ke janm se shuroo hota hai, jise adhik sateek roop se hadappa sabhyata ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. yah dakshin eshiya ke pashchimee bhaag mein lagabhag 2,500 eesa poorv mein panapa, jo aaj paakistaan aur pashchimee bhaarat hai. sindhu ghaatee misr, mesopotaamiya, bhaarat aur cheen kee chaar praacheen shaharee sabhyataon mein sabase badee thee. is sabhyata ke baare mein 1920 ke dashak tak kuchh bhee nahin pata tha, jab bhaarateey puraatatv vibhaag ne sindhu ghaatee mein khudaee kee, jisamen do puraane shaharon ke khandahar the. mohanajodado aur hadappa ka pata nahin chala. imaaraton ke khandahar aur any cheejen jaise ki ghareloo lekh, yuddh ke hathiyaar, sone aur chaandee ke gahane, muharon, khilaune, mittee ke bartan maal, aadi bataate hain ki kuchh chaar se paanch hajaar saal pahale is kshetr mein ek atyadhik vikasit sabhyata panapee thee.

Sindhu ghaatee sabhyata mool roop se ek shaharee sabhyata thee aur log achchhee tarah se niyojit aur achchhee tarah se nirmit shaharon mein rahate the, jo vyaapaar ke kendr bhee the. mohanajodado aur hadappa ke khandahar bataate hain ki ye shaanadaar vyaapaaree shahar the-suniyojit, vaigyaanik dhang se aur achchhee tarah se dekhane ke baad. unake paas chaudee sadaken aur ek achchhee tarah se vikasit jal nikaasee pranaalee thee. Ghar pake hue eenton se bane the aur do ya adhik manjila the.

Atyadhik sabhy hadappaavaasee anaaj ugaane kee kala jaanate the aur gehoon aur jau unake pradhaan bhojan ka nirmaan karate the. unhonne sabjiyon aur phalon ka sevan kiya aur matan, pork aur ande bhee khae. Saakshy yah bhee bataate hain ki unhonne sootee kapade ke saath-saath oonee vastr bhee pahane the. 1500 eesa poorv tak, hadappa sanskrti samaapt ho gaee. Sindhu ghaatee sabhyata ke kshay ko batae gae vibhinn kaaranon mein aavartak baadh aur any praakrtik kaaran jaise bhookamp aadi hain.

                        वैदिक सभ्यता

Vaidik sabhyata praacheen bhaarat ke itihaas kee sabase praarambhik sabhyata hai. isaka naam hindoo logon ke praarambhik saahity vedon ke naam par rakha gaya hai. vaidik sabhyata sarasvatee nadee ke saath ek aise kshetr mein vikasit huee, jisamen ab aadhunik bhaarateey raajy hariyaana aur panjaab shaamil hain. vaidik hindoo dharm ka paryaay hai, jo dhaarmik aur aadhyaatmik vichaar ka doosara naam hai jo vedon se vikasit hua hai. raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat is kaal ke do mahaan mahaakaavy the.

                              बौद्ध काल

Bhagavaan gautam buddh ke jeevan kaal ke dauraan, solah mahaan shaktiyaan (mahaajanapad) eesa poorv lord veen aur 6 veen shataabdee mein astitv mein theen. adhik mahatvapoorn ganaraajyon mein kapilavastu ke shaaky aur vaishaalee ke lichchhavi the.

                      सिकंदर का आक्रमण

326 eesa poorv mein, sikandar ne bhaarat par aakraman kiya, sindhu nadee ko paar karane ke baad vah takshashila kee or badhe. usane tab jhelam aur chinaab nadiyon ke beech raajy ke shaasak raaja poras ko chunautee dee. bhaarateeyon ko bhayankar yuddh mein paraajit kiya gaya tha, bhale hee ve haathiyon ke saath lade the, jo maisedoniyan logon ne pahale kabhee nahin dekha tha. alekjendar ne poras par kabja kar liya aur any sthaaneey shaasakon kee tarah, jinhonne use haraaya tha, use apane kshetr par shaasan karane kee anumati dee.

                             गुप्त वंश

Kushaanon ke baad, guptavansh sabase mahatvapoorn raajavansh tha. Gupt kaal ko bhaarateey itihaas ka svarn yug kaha gaya hai. Gupt vansh ke pahale prasiddh raaja ghatotkach ke putr chandragupt pratham the.

Tee kumaaradevee se shaadee kee. Yah vivaah chandragupt pratham ke jeevan ka ek mahatvapoorn mod tha. Unhen lichchhavi se dahej mein paataliputr mila. Paataliputr se, usane apane saamraajy kee neenv rakhee aur lichchhaviyon kee madad se kaee padosee raajyon ko jeetana shuroo kar diya. usane magadh (bihaar), prayaag aur saaket (poorvee uttar pradesh) par shaasan kiya. Usaka raajy ganga nadee se ilaahaabaad tak phaila hua tha. Chandragupt pratham ne bhee mahaaraajaadhiraaj (raajaon ka raaja) kee upaadhi praapt kee aur lagabhag pandrah varshon tak shaasan kiya.

                             हर्षवर्धन

7 veen shataabdee ke praarambh ke saath, harshavardhan (606-647 a.d.) ne apane bhaee, raajyavardhan kee mrtyu par thaaneshvar aur kannauj ke sinhaasan par chadhaee kee. 612 tak harshavardhan ne uttar bhaarat mein apana raajy majaboot kar liya. 620 ee. Mein harshavardhan ne dakkan mein chaaluky saamraajy par aakraman kiya, jis par pulakeshin dviteey ka shaasan tha. Lekin chaaluky pratirodh harshavardhan ke lie kathin saabit hua aur vah haar gaya. harshavardhan apane dhaarmik jhukaav, saksham prashaasan aur raajanayik sambandhon ke lie jaane jaate hain. unhonne cheen ke saath raajanayik sambandh banae rakhe aur doot bheje, jinhonne cheenee shaasakon ke vichaaron ka aadaan-pradaan kiya aur ek-doosare ke baare mein apana gyaan vikasit kiya.