history of Iran. US assassination of Iranian commander Qasem Soleimani

Iran ke itihaas kee shuruaat madhy eshiya ke eeraanee janajaatiyon ke pravaas se hotee hai, jise ab doosaree sahasraabdee eesa poorv mein eeraanee pathaar ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. Lekin sangathit maanav bastee bahut pahale vikasit huee aur dakshin pashchimee eeraan mein elaamait sabhyata - dakshinee iraak aaj - teesaree sahasraabdee mein ubhara. Pahalee sahasraabdee eesa poorv tak, do alag-alag eeraanee raajy meds aur phaarasiyon ke roop mein ubhare aur vishv manch par unaka joradaar pravesh 559 eesa poorv mein sairas ii ke parigrahan ke saath shuroo hua.

Aachamenid faarasee saamraajy sabase bada sannihit bhoomi saamraajy ban gaya, jo tab manushy ke lie jaana jaata tha, apane mitr aur dushman donon ko samaan roop se saumy prashaasan ke saath dhaarmik vichaaron par aakarshit karata tha, jo baad mein zorostriyanavaad se juda hoga, eeraan ke poorv-islaamik dharm kee pahachaan mantr "achchhe shabd, achchhe vichaar aur achchhe karm". Yah pashchimee kalpana mein bada hai kyonki greek raajyon ko jeetane ke apane asaphal prayaason aur sikandar mahaan ke haathon isakee paraajay kee vajah se lagabhag 150 saal baad 330 ee.poo. alekjendar ke uttaraadhikaariyon - selyookids ke tahat nark ka shaasan, poorv se ek nae eeraanee raajavansh ke aagaman tak ek sadee tak chala, paarthiyan.

Parthian Empire

Paarthiyan saamraajy ne poorv se mithakon aur kinvadantiyon ko aayaat karake aur lokapriy smrti mein achamenaids ko dabaakar eeraanee itihaas ko punarjeevit kiya. Yah vikendreekrt raajy - jisamen raaja pahalee baar baraabaree par tha; any raajaon par ek raaja, yadi aap - deerghaayu ke saath apanee bhangurata ke lie bane (yah sabhee eeraanee raajavanshon mein sabase lambe samay tak jeevit hai) aur ubharate hue roman saamraajy ke lie ek gambheer dushman saabit hua, jo isake sabase bade haar mein se ek hai. Yah 53 eesa poorv mein karrahe ke maidaanon mein tha, jahaan roman kamaandar kraisas (spaartaakas kee haar ke lie prasiddh) ko nirnaayak roop se ek chhote se paarthiyan bal se haraaya gaya tha, jo bade paimaane par ghode ke teerandaajon se bana tha, apane do-tihaee aur kaee eegal kho dete the. [roman maanak]. 500 varshon ke baad, 224 eesvee mein paarthiyan ek any raajavansh dvaara palat die gae the, is baar phaaras ke dil ke ilaakon se, sasyaaniyan.

Saasaaniyan nissandeh paarthiyanon ke uttaraadhikaaree the, lekin unaka saamraajy adhik kendreekrt tha aur raajaon ka raaja samaanon ke beech pahale se adhik tha. Prashaasan ko samekit kiya gaya tha aur paarasee dharm ko ek aadhikaarik aur tejee se paribhaashit panth ke roop mein badhaava diya gaya tha. Samay ke saath, saasaniyan raajaon, vishesh roop se khusaro ii, un sabhee ka prateek ban jaega jo poorv-islaamee eeraan aur usake prashaasan ke baare mein achchha tha.

Apane poorvavartiyon kee tarah, saasaanee logon ne roman aur phir beejaantin saamraajyon ke lie durjey virodhiyon ko saabit kiya, sangharshon ke ek chakr mein ulajhe hue, jo antatah donon saamraajyon ko samaapt kar diya aur unhen visham chunautiyon ka saamana karane ke lie kamajor bana diya.

Islamic era

7 veen shataabdee mein arab praayadveep se ek naee shakti ka uday hua - islaam. beejaantin ko haraakar, muslim arab senaon ne antatah vijay praapt kee aur saasiyan saamraajy ko nae khaleepha mein samaahit kar liya. Eeraanee saamraajy khaleepha ke lie pooree tarah se pachane ke lie bahut bada dal tha, jisake parinaamasvaroop eeraanee ke vichaaron aur vyavahaar par prachtichai bas ’sarakaar aur sanskrti ne jis tarah se khaleepha vikasit kiya tha, use aakaar dena shuroo kar diya.

islaam ne eeraanee duniya ke drshtikon ko badal diya, lekin islaamee duniya kee raajaneetik aur dhaarmik sanskrti badale mein praacheen eeraan kee gahan viraasat dvaara aakaar mein thee aur shaastreey islaamee yug ke kaee pramukh prashaasanik aur vaigyaanik dimaag the jinamen poleemath ibn seena (avelena) shaamil the. Aur barmakids ke prasiddh vijeereeyal (mantristareey) parivaar, eeraanee duniya se nikale.

Vaastav mein eeraanee duniya ke joradaar prabhaav ko 749 eesvee mein abbaasid khaleepha ke uday ke saath spasht kiya gaya tha aur damishk se raajadhaanee kee sthaapana bagadaad (lagabhag 762 eesvee) ke nav sthaapit shahar mein kee gaee thee, puraanee saasaanee raajadhaanee se nahin. Is eeraanee mod ko pairsian naee ’faarasee bhaasha ke vikaas se mukt kiya gaya tha, jo ab poorvee islaamee duniya ka lingua fraink banane ke lie arabee varnamaala ko apanaane aur duniya kee mahaan saahityik bhaashaon mein se ek hai.

Islaamee yug 11 veen shataabdee se madhy eshiya ke turk logon ke pravesh ke saath eeraan ke itihaas mein ek aur gahara vikaas hoga, lekin sabase adhik parinaam 13 veen mein mangolon (aantarik eshiya ke kadamon se ghumantoo yoddhaon) ke visphot ke saath hua sadee. mangol vijay ne pathaar par turkik janajaatiyon ke pravaas kee suvidha pradaan kee - enaatoliyan pathaar par eeraaniyon ke ek dastak-par pravaas ko majaboor karana - desh kee raajaneetik arthavyavastha ko maulik roop se badal dena, jo ek mahatvapoorn khaanaabadosh ghatak ke saath vishesh roop se ek ke lie ek doosare ke lie aaseen tha. desh ke uttaree bhaagon mein।

Isake alaava, mangol aur turk shabd (jaise) khaan ’) phaarasee bhaasha mein feed karate hain jo pahale se hee samrddh aur vividh bhaasha kee shabdaavalee mein aur aayaam jodate hain. haalaanki, aarthik drshti se, 14 veen shataabdee mein tameralaane dvaara kie gae tabaahee aur mangolon ke saath shuroo hone vaale khaanaabadosh aakramanon kee lahar, vyaapak aarthik avyavastha ke parinaamasvaroop huee. Kisee bhee arthapoorn arth mein aarthik jeevan kee vaapasee se kaee saal pahale hona tha.

ch2700 eesa poorv elamait sabhyata ka udbhav ch1500 ee.poo. eeraanee ka madhy eshiya se palaayan poorvee eeraan mein ch1000 eesa poorv joraastar mantree 539 eesa poorv bebeelon par vijay, yahoodiyon kee mukti 490 eesa poorv grees par aakraman - mairaathan kee ladaee 480 eesa poorv grees par doosara aakraman - salaamiyon kee ladaee 331 eesa poorv sikandar mahaan dvaara phaarasee saamraajy kee vijay 312–247 ee.poo. selyooseed saamraajy 247 eesa poorv paarthiyan saamraajy ka uday 53 ee.poo. roman ne karrahe kee ladaee mein haraaya 224 ee. saasainy saamraajy ka uday 651 ee. arab musalamaanon ko saasainy saamraajy ka patan aur avashoshan 749 ee. abbaasid khaleefa kee sthaapana, faarasee punarjaagaran kee shuruaat 1010 pheroshee shaahanaame poora karata hai 1040 saalajook vansh ka uday 1219 chingagis khaan ke tahat pahala mangol aakraman 1258 bagadaad ke mangoliyaee boree 1370-1405 taamralen ka niyam 1501 sapheed saamraajy ka uday, shiya dharm kee sthaapana 1722 saphaavid saamraajy ka aphagaan aakraman ka patan 1736–47 naadir shaah ka shaasan 1785 kajar vansh ka udbhav 1804–13 pahala ruso-faarasee yuddh - golastan kee sandhi 1826–28 doosara ruso-faarasee yuddh - turkamenchaee kee sandhi 1856–67 englo-faarasee yuddh - peris kee sandhi 1901 briten ko tel riyaayat pradaan kee gaee 1906 sanvaidhaanik kraanti 1907 englo-roosee sammelan 1919 englo-faarasee samajhauta 1921 pharavaree takhtaapalat aur reja khaan ka uday 1925 pahalavee raajavansh kee sthaapana 1941–46 eeraan par mitr deshon ka kabza 1946 ajarabaijaan sankat 1951–53 tel raashtreeyakaran sankat 1953 englo-amerikan ne mosaadek ke khilaaph takhtaapalat ka aayojan kiya 1963 shvet kraanti ka shubhaarambh 1979 islaamik kraanti ne raajashaahee ko ukhaad phenka 1980-88 eeraan-iraak yuddh 1989 ayaatulla khumainee kee mrtyu